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What’s the difference between lager, ale, IPA and stout?

Beer splits into lagers (cool, crisp) and ales (warm, fruity) by fermentation. IPA is a hoppy ale; stout is a dark, roasted ale. Here is how to tell them apart.

The fundamental split in beer is between lagers and ales, and it comes down to yeast and fermentation: lagers ferment cool with bottom-settling yeast, giving clean, crisp beers, while ales ferment warmer with top-fermenting yeast, giving fruitier, more characterful ones. IPA and stout are both types of ale — an IPA is a hoppy, often bitter and aromatic ale, and a stout is a dark, roasted ale with coffee and chocolate notes. So lager sits on one side, and ale, including IPA and stout, on the other.

Everything starts with yeast. Lagers use yeast that works slowly at cool temperatures and settles to the bottom, producing clean, crisp, refreshing beers — most of the world’s mainstream beers are lagers. Ales use yeast that works quickly at warmer temperatures and rises to the top, producing beers with more fruit, spice and body. This single difference underpins nearly every beer style.

India Pale Ale, or IPA, is an ale defined by hops. Hops add bitterness and aroma — citrus, pine, tropical fruit — and IPAs push these forward, often with a fuller body and higher alcohol than a standard lager. Styles range from bracingly bitter West Coast IPAs to softer, juicier hazy IPAs, but hop character is the common thread.

Stout is a dark ale made with roasted malts, which give its black colour and flavours of coffee, chocolate and toast. It can be dry, like a classic Irish stout, or rich and sweet, like a milk stout. Choosing between them is about mood and occasion: a crisp lager for heat and refreshment, a characterful ale for sipping, an IPA for hop lovers, a stout for something dark and warming. CityDrinks stocks all these styles, so it is easy to taste across the range.

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